Valarie's scholarship focuses on early childhood and elementary teachers' conceptions of the nature of science (NOS), as well as their teaching practice. She is undertaking a project entitled, “A Peer-Led-Teaming Approach to Globalizing Rural Science Teacher Preparation in the United States.” The goals of this initiative are: a) increase science teacher educators’ level of global competence; b) increase science teacher educators’ efficacy toward preparing rural teachers to teach global science education; c) increase the frequency and quality of the use of global science education in rural schools; d) develop a community-of-practice in regard to global science education.